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A Simple Objection to Welfarism?
I have been reading quite a bit about welfarism lately, and have been having trouble accepting it as a plausible thesis about ethics, since it strikes me as rather fundamentally and obviously wrong. But as these things often go, I am not therefore inclined to think that it really is obviously wrong, but rather that I have misunderstood it in some critical way. Accordingly, I offer these criticisms in the hope the someone will tell me how I'm mistaken.

Criticism #1: the definition

The basic idea of welfarism should be familiar enough: some have argued that the ultimate value for ethics is perfection, others have argued that it is freedom or agency. Welfarists, by contrast, argue that it is welfare or well-being.

I actually think that describing welfarism in this way (as one sort of objection to perfectionism and agency-based theories) is more helpful than any definition I have seen so far. For example, Wayne Sumner (who seems to be a rather typical exponent) defines it as the view that “nothing but welfare matters, basically or ultimately, for ethics.” Surely any welfarist would admit that there is at least one other thing that ultimately “matters” for ethics: namely, distribution. After all, we can’t rest content just knowing that we want welfare, we also need to specify whom we want it for, and how much we want for them. Sumner seems to think that welfarism provides its own internal answer to the first sort of question, instructing us to seek welfare for welfare subjects – those capable (in some sense) of being well-off (this is supposed to be an advantage over perfectionism, which requires a rather elaborate secondary science to explain why we should only worry about the perfection of a fairly narrow range of things, such as human beings and not mushrooms). But Sumner also seems to think that welfarism is neutral with regard to the second sort of question (“how much for each?”), being compatible with aggregationist or egalitarian views, for example. This already seems to me to be a concession that Sumner’s own definition doesn’t adequately capture what he really means by welfarism, since it grants that some other independent value is in play after all.

Criticism #2: the Helen Caldicott scenario

Now we get the objection which really strikes me as devastating (but I’m very eager to hear why it’s not). If, as Sumner says, welfarism is the view that we should ultimately want the well-being of welfare subjects, then to what sorts of norms do we appeal when deciding whether or not it is a good thing to have welfare subjects in the first place?

Let us say, for example, that we are presented with the opportunity to make all presently living welfare subjects live very good lives without having children. I once heard the environmentalist and anti-nuclear activist Helen Caldicott propose (only half in jest) that we steep the world’s water supply with a combination of aphrodisiacs and prophylactic drugs, so that, as she said, “we all have a really great time as the human race gradually fades away.” She asked us, her audience, to imagine how the forests and wetlands would reclaim the cities. Wouldn’t that, she asked, really be the best thing in the end? Even if we were to get a handle on the overpopulation problem for now, we could never really trust our progeny to maintain it in perpetuity. So long as the earth is under the stewardship of human beings it is in profound danger of total destruction, just by virtue of our insatiable curiosity and competitiveness. So why aren’t we better off just seeing to the happiness of the people we have, while putting an end to the human race for good?

So put, I think it is a philosophically rich question to ask. But for now the point is, simply, that I don’t see how the welfarist could begin to answer it. Assuming that we could make actual, living welfare subjects very well off, but that we also have the option of either continuing the human race, or letting it (gradually) end, which course of action should we choose?

Sumner, as I hinted above, is an actualist about welfare ascriptions. In determining what counts as a contribution to well-being, we are not allowed to attribute it to potential or hypothetical subjects. Of course, it might turn out that some decision I make now (e.g., to drink while pregnant) affects the well-being of some future subject at some future time. But we cannot intelligibly talk about something hurting or harming someone before knowing whether she exists or is likely to exist. We cannot say that it is somehow an injury to my would-be great-great grandson Xavier that he doesn't have a chance to live. Neither, then, would it be an injury to entire future generations.

It seems to me that the welfarist might invoke some other sort of value – aesthetic or perfectionist – to say that the existence of human civilization really is (or isn’t) more conducive to the beauty or perfection of the world. But I take this sort of argument to be made in bad faith. If we are allowed to appeal to aesthetic or perfectionist reasons in deciding whether or not to put the prophylactics in the water, then I am no longer entirely clear on what ethics is in the first place. What is it, if not the system of values to which we appeal in when faced with precisely this sort of decision?

So there it is. Now, what exactly have I misunderstood about welfarism?
Comments:
I think the welfarist has answers, but the question is whether, in giving those answers, he so dilutes welfarism as to make it uninteresting.

The answer to the first is that, despite Sumner's emphatic statement, welfarism is only a theory of the good (what thing we ought to promote or distribute or aggregate). It awaits qualification and enchancement by a theory of the right. At least this is how I read Sumner on p. 217 of WHE, when he writes that he has yet to give "further shape" to a welfarist ethical theory, and examines what consequentialists, deontologists, and virtue ethicists might do with a welfarist theory of the good.

Interpreted this way, it makes sense that distribution doesn't figure in Sumner's summary of welfarism - distribution isn't in itself a good thing (why would it be?), although it still may be morally required.

The answer to the second point is to provide a more robust theory of welfare: surely we care that the human race survive. And we make plans and have hopes for our children more specifically, and we want to take steps to make sure those plans and hopes are realized. Actual, living, welfare subjects care about future to-be-born welfare subjects: indeed, caring about them is an important component of their welfare. (We would only think otherwise if we bought into some crude good-feelings version of welfarism).

The issue, for me, is whether these two replies make welfarism into an empty theory. I'm not convinced it does. Certainly a theory has some bite if it denies that autonomy or perfection don't matter but only welfare does. It can then leave for another day the thorny question of if only X matters, how ought X be distributed?

Further, it doesn't strike me as that odd that we have a pretty complicated conception of happines qua human beings, that include care for far off people. This might be one of those things that makes us flourish.

The rub, for me, is whether we care about other people because this makes us happy, or whether we do so because we ought to. I think it's the latter, which makes me side with the intuition that even if our happiness might be increased by living a blissful but short existence that caused the end of the human race, we should decline to pursue that happiness.
 
Anonymous-

Yes, that’s nicely put. I didn’t mean to suggest that I find a lifetime on aphrodisiacs to be a sufficient substitute for the crucial comfort of human continuity. The lives of Caldicott’s would-be “last generation” sound like rather hollow ones to me. But no matter how we construct the scenario, the fact remains that a welfarist will have to prop up any norms about the continuity of the human race on the very implausible (and shaky) ground of norms about the well-being of existing people. And this is what strikes me as obviously wrong.

One option (and the only possible one, as I see it) is to jettison the actualism about welfare attributions, and say that guaranteeing the well-being of future peoples is a good after all. Of course, it would be impossible to say which particular future individuals I am benefiting by allowing the human race to continue today. But perhaps attributions of this sort wouldn’t have to be reducible to claims about the well-being of future Xaviers, Janes, Jacks, etc. I could say that I am guaranteeing the well-being of future human beings collectively (producing the kind of welfarism that I find in Mozi, the lesser-known rival to Confucius in Classical China), or that I am simply increasing the phenomenon of well-being with no particular attribution at all (as in one much-discussed variant of utilitarianism). It almost goes without saying, though, that these kinds of non-actualist welfarisms commit us to some very strange views. Still, this seems like the only viable response to me. (It sure would be nice if someone personally invested in the doctrine were to come along and make a more plausible case.)

I think you put your finger on an important qualification when you say that welfarism is a theory about the good and not about the right. Something like that, at least, has got to be the case. Sumner actually says that it is “only a theory of the good” on p. 219 (although he doesn’t specify what other sort of theory or theories might be required to complete it).

Campbell Brown (one of the PEA Soup contributors, where the best discussions of welfare theory can be found, in my view) says that welfarism is distinguished by evaluating actions only with regard to “the effects of that action on the welfare...of individuals.” But this actually doesn’t quite seem to capture the position as well as you do. After all, it says nothing about the fact that welfare is a positive value. We could easily switch the valence and imagine a misanthrope who seeks, on purportedly ethical grounds, to harm or decrease well-being as much as possible. Welfarism seems to hold that welfare is a positive good, not just that it provides us the only measure by which to evaluate actions.

All of this talk about definitions is a bit of a sideshow, though (and I assume Campbell has a more careful account of welfarism buried in his dissertation somewhere). My main concern is still the problem of finding plausible welfarist norms to justify human continuity. Any takers?
 
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The UGG Boots are specially crafted boots out of wool and leather-based. They are some traditional UGG products that you can get. The sheep epidermis bags by the same exact firm also use this material for manufacture of the UGG Bags. The boots have wool lining on the within to protect the legs from cold and dust. The outer surface of these boots in produced up of tanned leather. The sole of these boots are produced up of synthetic content that provide increased convenience, durability and assist to them. Considering the fact that the emergence of the UGG Boots in 2000, they have gained enough popularity and these days, it is a milestone in the manner trade.

The name of Boots was common in Australia, very long ahead of it really emerged. The business initially publicized itself in 1970. The structure of the boots is these that it gives you enough fashion assertion to your temperament and matches perfectly with other add-ons. Whilst, these shoes are a person of the most traditional UGG services of all time, they are not advisable for use in excessive rigorous ailments. The firm also advises the end users not to use any cleaning chemical for cleansing the boots as that might harm the boot product. These boots can be up to knee peak and the higher part is usually produced up of sheep pores and skin, therefore maximizing its insulating energy.

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The title of boots and other UGG services these as UGG Bags, sheepskin bags and so forth. were being registered in the title of Ugh boots in the year 1971 at the Australian Trade Mark Registry by Shane Steadman. On the other hand, they obtained lapsed as they have been not utilized for very long. He latter, in the yr 1999, also obtained the name UGG Australia registered. This happened as the company trademark was bought to Deckers Outdoor Company. The Deckers Out of doors Company then started a established of legal [url=http://www.uggsbootsukoutlet.co.uk]www.uggsbootsukoutlet.co.uk[/url] proceeding towards the other manufacturers of Australia, who considered UGG boots as their residence. This controversy was with regards to the use and description of the identify UGG boots.

Owing to this controversy, Bronwyn and Bruce McDougall, who were the house owners [url=http://www.uggsbootsukoutlet.co.uk]ugg boots uk[/url] of Uggs-N-Ruggs, however one more West Australian boot manufacturing organization, started a series of authorized proceedings to get the UGG manufacturer title taken off from the Australian Trade Mark Registry. They at final succeeded in acquiring the name eliminated in the calendar year 2006. These terms now had been for typical use to all the manufactured underneath the sheepskin material range. The Deckers Outdoor Corporation did not obstacle the jurisdiction in a higher courtroom in Australia as the model experienced previously gained good enough level of popularity in The united states and European Nations. Other than, they also experienced the brand title registered in the earlier mentioned mentioned regions.
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